Ranked among the most fragile

“Ranked among the most fragile in the world, the Sahelian states are characterised as poor and administratively weak. They lack a legitimate monopoly on violence and a well-functioning social contract, and struggle to control their borders and vast territories. Different forms and varying levels of instability are prevalent, especially following the 2012 crisis in Mali and the subsequent spread of violent conflict to neighbouring Burkina Faso and Niger, associated with heightened minority issues and the rapid expansion of jihadi insurgencies. The 2011 state collapse in Libya largely affected, or even aggravated, these dynamics (Larémont Citation2013). In addition, increased poverty, resource scarcity and climate variability have led to more frequent clashes สล็อตเว็บตรง